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Digestive system in man::An easily understandable summary with pictures

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<div id="bs-content-rb-abstract">
<span style="font-size: large;">Multicellular organisms usually 
contain differentiated cells, adapted for specific functions. Tissues 
consist of groups of similar cells. Organs contain different tissues, 
working together to carry out particular functions. Organ systems 
contain different organs. The different organ systems work together in 
an organism.</span><br />
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<h1>
<span style="font-size: large;">
Tissues</span></h1>
<span style="font-size: large;">During the development of a <span class="bs-content-rb-glossary" id="bs-content-rb-glossary-1">multicellular</span> organism, cells <b>differentiate </b>so
 that they can carry out different functions. Differentiation is the 
process by which a cell becomes a specialised type of cell.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">A <b>tissue</b>
 is a group of specialised cells that have a similar structure and 
function. The table shows some examples of tissues and their functions.</span><br />
<h2 class="bs-content-rb-tableheading">
<span style="font-size: large;">
Types of tissues and their functions</span></h2>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tabular" title="Types of tissues and their functions"><thead>
<tr><th class="tableheadfirst"><span style="font-size: large;">Tissue</span></th><th><span style="font-size: large;">Function</span></th></tr>
</thead><tbody>
<tr class="odd"><td class="firsttd"><span style="font-size: large;">Muscular tissue</span></td><td><span style="font-size: large;">Contracts, bringing about movement</span></td></tr>
<tr><td class="firsttd"><span style="font-size: large;">Glandular tissue</span></td><td><span style="font-size: large;">Produces substances such as <span class="bs-content-rb-glossary" id="bs-content-rb-glossary-2">enzymes</span> and <span class="bs-content-rb-glossary" id="bs-content-rb-glossary-3">hormones</span></span></td></tr>
<tr class="odd"><td class="firsttd"><span style="font-size: large;">Epithelial tissue</span></td><td><span style="font-size: large;">Covers some parts of the body.</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<h1>
<span style="font-size: large;">
The digestive system</span></h1>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Organ systems</b> are groups of organs that carry out a particular function. The human body has several organ systems, including:</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">The nervous system</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">The respiratory system</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">The reproductive system</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">The digestive system</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-size: large;">The
 digestive system is an example of an organ system in which humans and 
other mammals exchange substances with the environment. The table shows 
its main tissues and organs, and their functions: </span><br />
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tabular" title=""><thead>
<tr><th class="tableheadfirst"><span style="font-size: large;">Part(s)</span></th><th><span style="font-size: large;">Function</span></th></tr>
</thead><tbody>
<tr class="odd"><td class="firsttd"><span style="font-size: large;">Pancreas and salivary glands</span></td><td><span style="font-size: large;">Produce digestive juices</span></td></tr>
<tr><td class="firsttd"><span style="font-size: large;">Stomach</span></td><td><span style="font-size: large;">Digests food</span></td></tr>
<tr class="odd"><td class="firsttd"><span style="font-size: large;">Liver</span></td><td><span style="font-size: large;">Produces <span class="bs-content-rb-glossary" id="bs-content-rb-glossary-1">bile</span></span></td></tr>
<tr><td class="firsttd"><span style="font-size: large;">Small intestine</span></td><td><span style="font-size: large;">Digest and absorb soluble food</span></td></tr>
<tr class="odd"><td class="firsttd"><span style="font-size: large;">Large intestine</span></td><td><span style="font-size: large;">Absorbs water from undigested food, producing faeces</span></td><td><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></td><td><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></td><td><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></td><td><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></td><td><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></td><td><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></td><td><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></td><td><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></td><td><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></td><td><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></td><td><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></td><td><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></td><td><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></td><td><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></td><td><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></td><td><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></td><td><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></td><td><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></td><td><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></td><td><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></td><td><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></td><td><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></td><td><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></td><td><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></td><td><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></td><td><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></td><td><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></td><td><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></td><td><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></td><td><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></td><td><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></td><td><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></td><td><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></td><td><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<h1>
<span style="font-size: large;">
Organs</span></h1>
<span style="font-size: large;">Organs are made of tissues. A particular organ may 
contain several different tissues. For example, the stomach is an organ 
that contains:</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size: large;"><b>Muscular</b> tissue - to churn the food and other contents of the stomach</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;"><b>Glandular</b> tissue - to produce digestive juices including acid and enzymes</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;"><b>Epithelial</b> tissue - to cover the inner and outer surfaces of the stomach</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-size: large;">The
 stomach is one of the organs that form the digestive system. The 
stomach contains various tissues, and each tissue is made of a 
particular type of cell. In order of increasing size and complexity:</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
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Digestive system in man::An easily understandable summary with pictures

Multicellular organisms usually contain differentiated cells, adapted for specific functions. Tissues consist of groups of similar cells...

07:57

A PREDATOR AND PREY ACTION VIA AMAZING PHOTOS

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This stunning image by photographer Ben Porter captures an incredible interaction between a predator and prey as a female sparrowhawk overpowers a magpie in Wales.<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="display: inline ! important; float: none; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Trebuchet,Verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 24.752px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">Another sunny day saw the continuation of the light southerly winds, which will hopefully begin producing some migrants in coming days!</span></span><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxplEJzKQigpt4BLFXNz22wWTSrht5kRKKkHIkvp7j9VKUPvp5awNRiscZnG_nHM0GSs6x0M5joANT-JuK-4IJ4hY2UILGOUjHS1Fuffiwf5pwe66fLi2NwMhhyphenhyphencHdlt8-R4d9vNwkJHqd/s1600/IMG_7544.JPG" width="626" /><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="display: inline ! important; float: none; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Trebuchet,Verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 24.752px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><img border="0" height="383" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGyZYvCsF3rXro2gOUQ8WzgFbQyDqTBtRSkQohQMze7Rj74DqGFc3DCcqjsUM1_ip-ApdWX4ulSKmbDoArEwAV8MgmXn3AMN9IYWkXX7HeupWHfHV5slzlWQ63cGZNIumWpbnUdM-_ax7d/s1600/IMG_7604.JPG" width="640" /> A<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><b style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Trebuchet,Verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 24.752px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">Red-throated Diver</b><span style="display: inline ! important; float: none; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Trebuchet,Verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 24.752px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>and a<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><b style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Trebuchet,Verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 24.752px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">Gannet<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></b><span style="display: inline ! important; float: none; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Trebuchet,Verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 24.752px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">were seen off the west side in the morning, whilst two<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><b style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Trebuchet,Verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 24.752px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">Ringed Plovers</b><span style="display: inline ! important; float: none; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Trebuchet,Verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 24.752px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>and 21<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><b style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Trebuchet,Verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 24.752px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">Curlews<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></b><span style="display: inline ! important; float: none; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Trebuchet,Verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 24.752px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">were present on The Narrows. The</span><b style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Trebuchet,Verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 24.752px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">Hooded Crow</b><span style="display: inline ! important; float: none; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Trebuchet,Verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 24.752px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>continued to associate with<span></span> some 21<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><b style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Trebuchet,Verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 24.752px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">Carrion Crows</b><span style="display: inline ! important; float: none; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Trebuchet,Verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 24.752px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">, and a passage of<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><b style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Trebuchet,Verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 24.752px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">Ravens<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></b><span style="display: inline ! important; float: none; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Trebuchet,Verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 24.752px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">included 12 birds over the mountain.</span></span><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="display: inline ! important; float: none; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Trebuchet,Verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 24.752px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"></span></span><br />
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A PREDATOR AND PREY ACTION VIA AMAZING PHOTOS 

This stunning image by photographer Ben Porter captures an incredible interaction between a predator and prey as a female spar...

22:10

New class of antibiotics discovered by chemists

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<span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> A new class of antibiotics to fight bacteria such as methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus and other drug-resistant bacteria that threaten public
health has been discovered by a team of chemists. The new class, called
oxadiazoles, was discovered in silico (by computer) screening and has shown
promise in the treatment of MRSA in mouse models of infection. MRSA has become
a global public-health problem since the 1960s because of its resistance to
antibiotics. In the United States alone, 278,000 people are hospitalized and
19,000 die each year from infections caused by MRSA. Only three drugs currently
are effective treatments, and resistance to each of those drugs already exists.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIsNUP2iBtvRAZqGyJOnlsiHufNKwv828z5WgZFhR3wJtuxrcgroidEN4WQC0GnlICTNIKX6f35R7smlNqzIw2gjk5dEvVEj-KAdRI1ZdWTyMILDEhOpNaGm-np8V4GT_z42kqg0iz7mca/s1600/MurAribbon.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="537" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIsNUP2iBtvRAZqGyJOnlsiHufNKwv828z5WgZFhR3wJtuxrcgroidEN4WQC0GnlICTNIKX6f35R7smlNqzIw2gjk5dEvVEj-KAdRI1ZdWTyMILDEhOpNaGm-np8V4GT_z42kqg0iz7mca/s1600/MurAribbon.png" width="640" /></a></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-line-height-alt: 13.5pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-line-height-alt: 13.5pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">A team of University of Notre Dame
researchers led by Mayland Chang and Shahriar Mobashery have discovered a new
class of antibiotics to fight bacteria such as methicillin-resistant <i>Staphylococcus
aureus</i> (MRSA) and other drug-resistant bacteria that threaten public
health. Their research is published in the <i>Journal of the American Chemical
Society</i> in an article titled "Discovery of a New Class of
Non-beta-lactam Inhibitors of Penicillin-Binding Proteins with Gram-Positive
Antibacterial Activity."</span></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0cm; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">The new class, called oxadiazoles, was
discovered in silico (by computer) screening and has shown promise in the
treatment of MRSA in mouse models of infection. Researchers who screened 1.2
million compounds found that the oxadiazole inhibits a penicillin-binding
protein, PBP2a, and the biosynthesis of the cell wall that enables MRSA to
resist other drugs. The oxadiazoles are also effective when taken orally. This
is an important feature as there is only one marketed antibiotic for MRSA that
can be taken orally.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">MRSA has become a global public-health
problem since the 1960s because of its resistance to antibiotics. In the United
States alone, 278,000 people are hospitalized and 19,000 die each year from
infections caused by MRSA. Only three drugs currently are effective treatments,
and resistance to each of those drugs already exists.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">The researchers have been seeking a
solution to MRSA for years. "Professor Mobashery has been working on the
mechanisms of resistance in MRSA for a very long time," Chang said.
"As we understand what the mechanisms are, we can devise strategies to develop
compounds against MRSA."</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">"Mayland Chang and Shahriar
Mobashery's discovery of a class of compounds that combat drug resistant
bacteria such as MRSA could save thousands of lives around the world. We are
grateful for their leadership and persistence in fighting drug
resistance," said Greg Crawford, dean of the College of Science at the
University of Notre Dame.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Story Source:</span></b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">The above story is based on <a href="http://news.nd.edu/news/46745-notre-dame-chemists-discover-new-class-of-antibiotics/" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue;">materials</span></a> provided by <a href="http://www.nd.edu/" target="_blank"><b><span style="color: blue;">University
of Notre Dame</span></b></a>. <i>Note: Materials may be edited for content and
length</i></span></div>
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New class of antibiotics discovered by chemists

A new class of antibiotics to fight bacteria such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and other drug-resis...

13:05

Power-packed bacterial spores generate electricity

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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">With
mighty bursts of rehydration, bacterial spores offer a new source of renewable
energy.</span><br />

<em><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Bacillus </span></em><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">spores quickly shrivel in dry times and bloat
with a blast of humidity. The transitions, which take about half a second, pack
a powerful punch that biophysicist Ozgur Sahin at Columbia University realized
could translate to usable energy. By smearing spores onto a flat piece of
rubber about the length of a human hand, Sahin and his colleagues developed a
spore-powered generator. In arid conditions, parched spores pull the rubber
into a curve, while wafts of wet air plump up spores and spring it flat again.</span><br />

<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">The
team linked the rubber to an electromagnetic generator, so that every flex
produced an electric current. By weight, spore power rivaled the juice in a car
battery, Sahin
and colleagues report January 26 in <em><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Nature Nanotechnology</span></em>. Since the spores tote such a
high energy potential—more than 1,000 times that of mammalian muscle—Sahin and
colleagues say energy-harvesting devices based on the dormant dynamos could be
linked into municipal grids to contribute a power boost to homes and cities.</span><br />
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Power-packed bacterial spores generate electricity

With mighty bursts of rehydration, bacterial spores offer a new source of renewable energy. Bacillus spores quickly shrivel in ...

12:38

Hacking our senses to boost learning power

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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhdeWAjgqnELCNZsToSXi9d1u0y_V_V6IXHV-FPGB80UxGmE1zwsiEUlZvawj3nSPgDtis7s1dP8dRTVWcrPcIpM4bHuEThuz3Cv-IWrN3oSJuVFxwAxOo2qoA021zd-kLdJW0auEESmYWD/s1600/p01k70vc.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="358" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhdeWAjgqnELCNZsToSXi9d1u0y_V_V6IXHV-FPGB80UxGmE1zwsiEUlZvawj3nSPgDtis7s1dP8dRTVWcrPcIpM4bHuEThuz3Cv-IWrN3oSJuVFxwAxOo2qoA021zd-kLdJW0auEESmYWD/s1600/p01k70vc.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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fragrances into the classroom to see if it improves exam results – could it
work? </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">What did your
school smell like? Was it noisy or peaceful?</span><br />

<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">It might not
seem important, but a growing body of research suggests that smells and sounds
can have an impact on learning, performance and creativity. Indeed, some head
teachers have recently taken to broadcasting noises and pumping whiffs into
their schools to see whether it can boost grades. Is there anything in it? And
if so, what are the implications for the way we all work and study?</span><br />

<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">There is
certainly some well-established research to suggest that some noises can have a
detrimental effect on learning. Numerous studies over the past 15 years have
found that children attending schools under the flight paths of large airports lag
behind in their exam results.</span><br />

<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">But general
noise seems to have an effect too. Bridget Shield, a professor of acoustics at
London South Bank University, and Julie Dockrell, now at the Institute of
Education, have been conducting studies and advising politicians on the effects
of all sorts of noises, such as traffic and sirens, as well as noise generated
by the children themselves. When they recreated those particular sounds in an
experimental setting whilst children completed various cognitive tasks, they
found a significant negative effect on exam scores. “Everything points to a
detrimental impact of the noise on children’s performance, in numeracy, in
literacy, and in spelling,” says Shield. The noise seemed to have an especially
detrimental effect on children with special needs. `</span><br />

<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Shield says the
sound of “babble” – the chatter of other children, is particularly distracting
in the classroom. Architects that fashion open-plan classrooms in schools would
do well to take this on board. “People are very distracted by speech –
particularly if it’s understandable, but you’re not involved in it.” This
phenomenon is also known as the irrelevant speech effect, she says, adding that
“it’s a very common finding in open-plan offices as well.”</span><br />

<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Whether
background sounds are beneficial or not seems to depend on what kind of noise
it is – and the volume. In a series of studies published last year, Ravi Mehta
from the College of Business at Illinois and colleagues tested people’s
creativity while exposed to a soundtrack made up of background noises – such as
coffee-shop chatter and construction-site drilling – at different volumes. They
found that people were more creative when the background noises were played at
a medium level than when volume was low. Loud background noise, however,
damaged their creativity.</span><br />

<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">This makes sense
for a couple of reasons, says psychologist Dr Nick Perham, at Cardiff
Metropolitan University in the UK, who studies the effect of sounds on learning
but was not involved in the study.  Firstly, he says, sounds that are most
distracting tend to be very variable.  A general hum in the background
suggests a steady-state sound with not much acoustical variation. “So there’s
not much there to capture your attention – nothing distracting the subjects,”
he says. At the same time, the background noise might cause the subjects to be
in a slightly heightened state of arousal, says Perham. You don’t want too much
or too little arousal. “Medium arousal is best for good performance. So it
might be that a general hum in the background gives an optimum level of arousal.”
With that in mind, Perham suggests there may be some benefit to playing music
or other sounds in an art class or other situations where creativity is key.</span><br />

<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Many teachers
all over the world already play music to students in class. Many are inspired
by the belief that hearing music can boost IQ in subsequent tasks, the
so-called Mozart effect. While the evidence actually suggests it’s a
stretch to say classical music boosts brainpower, researchers do think pleasant
sounds before a task can sometimes lift your mood and help you perform well,
says Perham, who has done his own studies on the phenomenon. The key appears to
be that you enjoy what you’re hearing. “If you like the music or you like the
sound – even listening to a Stephen King novel – then you did better. It didn’t
matter about the music,” he says.</span><br />

<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">However, it’s
worth considering that music is not always helpful while you’re trying to work.
Trying to perform a task which involves serial recall – for instance, doing
mental arithmetic – will be impaired by sounds with acoustic variation, which
includes most types of music, says Perham. (Except a few, like extreme death
metal.) Songs with lyrics, on the other hand, are more likely to interfere with
tasks that involve semantics – such as reading comprehension. “The task and the
sound are important, when you have both of them using the same process then you
get problems,” he says.</span><br />

<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">So, it seems
that schools that choose to screen out disturbing noises and create positive
soundscapes could enhance the learning of their students, so long as they make
careful choices.</span><br />

<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">This isn’t the
only sense being tweaked to affect learning. Special educational needs students
at Sydenham high school in London are being encouraged to revise different
subjects in the presence of different smells – grapefruit scents for maths,
lavender for French and spearmint for history.</span><br />

<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Less research
has gone into the idea of whether scents can help with cognitive performance,
although there have been intriguing findings. In 2003, psychologist Mark Moss,
at Northumbria University, carried out a range of cognitive tests on subjects
who were exposed either
to lavender or rosemary aromas. “Rosemary in particular caught my attention
as it is considered to be arousing and linked to memory,” he says, whereas
lavender is considered to be sedating. Moss found that those who were smelling
lavender performed significantly worse in working memory tests, and had
impaired reaction times for both memory and attention-based tasks, compared to
controls. Those in the rosemary group, on the other hand, did much better than
controls overall in the memory tasks, although their reaction times were
slower.</span><br />

<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Why might this
be? It’s perhaps not surprising that smells affect memory, given that the
brain’s olfactory bulb is intimately linked to the hippocampus, which deals
with learning. But Moss suspected there was more to it. To explore the
pharmacological effects of rosemary on the body, he drew blood samples from
volunteers who had just undergone cognitive tests in a rosemary-infused room,
and found that they had elevated levels of a compound called 1,8-cineole in
their blood. Previous research has shown that this compound increases
communication between brain cells, which might explain how it improves brain
function.<br />
<br />
So, as you finish reading this story, take a moment to tune into your senses.
Close your eyes and take a few nice deep breaths. What can you hear and smell?
The answer, it seems, may affect how much you learnt in the past few
minutes. </span><br />

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<b><span style="color: red; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Posted By :: Muhammad Usman</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Source::BBC</span></div>
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Hacking our senses to boost learning power

Some schools are pumping music, noises and fragrances into the classroom to see if it improves exam results – could it work? ...

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